THE ISOBOLIC METHOD OF MULTIFACTOR ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON HYDROECOSYSTEMS EVALUATION AND STANDARD-SETTING |
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SHUISKY V.F., MAXIMOVA T.V., SOLOVEY N.A., SANOTSKAYA N.A. The report contains the theoretical basis and description of evaluation and standard-setting quantitative method of complex (multifactor) impacts on waters ecosystems. The suggested method uses the revealed general laws of the best hydroecosystem bioindicator reaction – macrozoobenthocoenoses – to multicomponent external impact, which is estimated by the original isobolic index. The present techniques and data are based on representative long-term hydroecological research results executed by the group of authors. Basic methodological positions and practical applications of this method are illustrated in detail by the factual data. Particular examples of the method used for solving various environmental protection problems are also considered. 1. Problem of quantitative evaluation of multifactor anthropogenic impacts on hydroecosystems The following positions are proved: The importance is proved of establishing and describing the basic quantitative laws of macrozoobenthos species composition and its structural functional characteristics reaction on the multifactor anthropogenic impacts, expressed by isobolic index. The report generalizes some of the results of a long-term study of anthropogenic succession of polytypic aquatic objects ecosystems in Russia and in Finland. The used database includes the results of processing more than six thousand macrozoobenthos samples and more than one thousand water and bottom samples. 2. Macrozoobenthocoenosis resistance to multifactor impact The concept of evaluation of macrozoobenthocoenoses resistance to external impact is explained. The criterion is introduced of allocation of those species, which should be regarded as characteristic for macrozoobenthocoenosis during its study and taken into account during a comparative evaluation of species structure exogenic changes. Concepts and attributes of natural habitat conditions and macrozoobenthocoenosis background state are justified. The procedure of describing macrozoobenthocoenosis background state in polytypic habitats is defined. The basic components of the concept and a method of the macrozoobenthocoenosis background condition description, species structure and bioindicatelly significant quantitative characteristics of the coenosis are in detail illustrated through sample ecosystems. The concrete concept and quantitative measure of macrozoobenthocoenosis elastic resistance ("elasticity") to external impact are suggested. Elasticity is treated as an ability of the coenosis to come back to natural condition after impact discontinuance, determined by preservation of species structure, characteristic for this coenosis in its natural state. Accordingly, a proved change of characteristic species structure testifies that the coenosis has lost its elasticity. The suggested concept allows us to move on to the quantitative description of elasticity saving conditions. 3. Quantitative description of macrozoobenthocoenosis resistance preservation conditions in the case of multifactor impact All stages of the quantitative description of macrozoobenthocoenosis resistance preservation condition in the case of multifactor impact are shown in detail through particular examples. Quantitative description of macrozoobenthocoenosis elasticity preservation condition allows us to consider a solution of the following problem: measurement of multifactor impact by means of comparing its current level with the appropriate maximum permissible level. 4. Quantitative evaluation and standard-setting of multifactor anthropogenic impact on macrozoobenthocoenoses The suggested isobolic index of multifactor impact has besides some additional advantages. If the impact has not yet caused any loss of macrozoobenthocoenosis elasticity, the index also characterizes "safety factor" of the coenosis (its residual resistance). This index gives besides exact evaluation of the each factor contribution to their common man-made burden on biota. Use of the isobolic index allows to analyze, generalize, formalize and typify the basic quantitative laws of macrozoobenthocoenosis reaction on various multifactor impacts. The uniform classification and the approach to standard-setting of multifactor anthropogenic impacts on hydroecosystems are suggested. The evaluation of various complex impacts and different variants of anthropogenic macrozoobenthocoenosis changes are illustrated in details through particular examples. 5. Some examples of isobolic method use
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